Correction and Retraction

International Journal Business and Entrepreneurship (IJBAE) is committed to maintaining the accuracy, integrity, and transparency of the scholarly record. When errors or ethical concerns are identified after publication, the journal will take appropriate action in accordance with international publication ethics standards.

1. Corrections (Erratum and Corrigendum)
Corrections may be issued when minor errors are identified in a published article that do not affect the overall results, interpretation, or conclusions of the work.
Types of corrections include:
- Erratum: Issued when the error originates from the editorial or production process.
- Corrigendum: Issued when the error originates from the author(s).

Examples of correctable issues:
- Typographical errors
- Author affiliation mistakes
- Minor data presentation errors
- Formatting issues that do not alter scientific meaning

A correction notice will be published and linked to the original article to ensure transparency.

2. Retraction
An article may be retracted if there is strong evidence that the findings are unreliable or violate publication ethics.
- Grounds for retraction include:
- Proven plagiarism
- Fabrication or falsification of data
- Duplicate publication
- Major methodological errors that invalidate conclusions
- Ethical violations in research or authorship
- Undisclosed conflicts of interest that affect interpretation

The retraction notice will:
- Clearly state the reason for retraction
- Remain permanently linked to the article
- Maintain the original article online with a “Retracted” watermark to preserve the scholarly record

3. Article Removal (Exceptional Cases)
In rare circumstances, an article may be removed if:
- It contains defamatory content
- Violates legal rights or privacy
- Is subject to court order

A removal statement will replace the article, explaining the reason for removal.

4. Expression of Concern
The Editor may issue an Expression of Concern when:
- There is suspicion of misconduct
- An investigation is ongoing
- Conclusive evidence is not yet available

This notice will remain linked to the article until a final decision is made.

5. Author Responsibility
Authors are encouraged to promptly notify the editorial office if they discover significant errors in their published work. IJBAE will evaluate the case and determine whether a correction, retraction, or other action is required.

6. Editorial Decision
All correction and retraction decisions are made by the Editor-in-Chief based on:
- Ethical considerations
- Supporting evidence
- Recommendations from reviewers or institutions

The journal follows internationally recognized best practices in publication ethics to ensure the integrity of the academic record.